L1 Chemistry
Completed Coursework & Skills Developed – L1 Chemistry, 2023–2024
Mathematics for Science
Identify and explain the fundamental concepts of mathematical reasoning, including elements of logic and quantifiers (“for all”, “there exists”).
Understanding the structure of a literal expression, including when it involves complex numbers.
To effectively manipulate literal expressions in various situations.
Calculate derivatives of real functions correctly and quickly.
Plotting the graph of a real function from its analytical expression.
Analyze the behavior of a function, particularly in the vicinity of specific points.
Determine a simple equivalent of a function in order to facilitate its graphical or analytical study.
Check the consistency of the results obtained (calculations, graphs, derivatives).
To judge the relevance of a method or mathematical reasoning according to the context of the problem.
To structure a rigorous and logical mathematical argument.
Mobilize these skills to understand and follow scientific discourse in the different disciplines of subsequent semesters.
Identify and recognize classical techniques of integral calculus (integration by parts, simple rational fractions, trigonometric monomials).
Recognize the standard forms of simple differential equations with constant coefficients.
Remember the usual vector and matrix notations.
Identify the fundamental concepts of mathematical logic (uniqueness, recurrence, dummy indices).
Define the concepts of vector space and dimension.
Explain the principle of the different methods of integral calculus.
Understanding the method for solving simple differential equations.
Explain the geometric meaning of vectors in R2 and R3.
Interpreting a matrix representation of a system of affine equations.
Understanding the logical reasoning underlying mathematical proofs.
Calculate classical integrals using the appropriate method.
Solve simple differential equations with constant coefficients.
Manipulating vectors in R2 and R3 (coordinates, changes of basis).
Use matrix notation to write and solve systems of affine equations.
Implement simple proofs by induction or proofs of uniqueness.
Choose the most suitable integral calculus method according to the form of the integral.
Analyze the structure of a system of equations to determine the solution method.
Examine the properties of a vector space and analyze the notion of dimension.
Break down a mathematical proof into logical steps.
To verify the consistency and validity of an integral calculus or a solution to a differential equation.
Justify the choice of one solution method over another.
Evaluate the relevance of a logical argument or demonstration.
Construct rigorous mathematical proofs (uniqueness, recurrence).
Develop general expressions for sums or products using dummy indices.
To use the concepts of vector spaces and matrices to solve new scientific problems.
Chemistry
Define the constituents of the atom (protons, neutrons, electrons).
Identify the concepts of mass number A and charge number Z.
Recognize the chemical symbols of the elements.
List the families of the periodic table (alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens) and their general properties.
Understanding the fundamental concepts: electron shells, electron configuration, valence, atomic orbitals.
Know the Balmer line spectrum and the Rydberg formula.
Define the concepts of chemical bonds (strong/weak bonds, bond energies).
Explain the structure of the atom and the ion based on A and Z.
Explain the quantization of energy in the hydrogen atom and the role of quantum numbers.
Qualitatively describe the s and p atomic orbitals.
Explain the link between electronic configuration and position in the periodic table.
Explain the periodic trends (electronegativity, atomic radius, electron affinity).
Explain the rule for the saturation of electron layers (octet/duet rule).
To translate a statement into a chemical or physical model.
To correctly use physical constants and perform numerical applications.
Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom or ion.
Determine the ground electronic configuration of an atom or ion.
Determine the valence of an atom from its electronic configuration.
Apply Rydberg's formula to calculate the wavelengths.
Use the Lewis model to represent simple molecules.
Extract the bond order and oxidation state of an atom.
Analyze an electronic configuration to interpret the chemical properties of an element.
Compare the chemical properties of different elements based on their position in the periodic table.
Distinguish the different blocks of the periodic table and link their electronic structure to their chemical behavior.
Compare strong and weak bonds in terms of energy and interatomic distance.
Evaluate the consistency of a proposed Lewis structure.
Justify the type of bond present in a molecule based on energy and structural data.
To appreciate the order of magnitude of the binding energies and their impact on molecular stability.
To mobilize all the concepts studied to solve complex exercises combining atomic structure, periodicity and chemical bonds.
To construct a coherent scientific reasoning approach to interpret new chemical situations.
Describe the composition of a system using relevant physical quantities.
Determine the physical state of a chemical species under given experimental conditions of pressure and temperature.
Recognize the nature of a transformation.
Know the ideal gas law and apply it.
To identify the physico-chemical constituents present in a system.
Write a balanced equation and define stoichiometry.
Define the extent of reaction and the quotient of a chemical reaction.
To quantitatively determine the composition of a chemical system in any state of reaction.
Predicting the direction of spontaneous evolution of a chemical system.
To know and apply the principle of Le Chatelier.
Define the rate of a chemical reaction and relate it to the rate of disappearance of a reactant or formation of a product.
Know the simple laws of rate, the concepts of order of reaction and rate constant.
Identify a state of chemical equilibrium.
Determine the reaction rate at different dates using a numerical or graphical method.
Know the empirical Arrhenius law for rate constants.
Understand the phenomenon of first-order radioactive decay and apply it to dating.
Identify the chemical functions present on a molecule and classify them according to their degree of oxidation.
To name a monofunctional molecule according to IUPAC rules.
Know the common name and structure of important molecules (benzene, toluene, acetic acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ethylene…).
Write a structural formula based on a simple formula.
Mastering the basic concepts of stereochemistry: conformational and configurational isomerism, identification of stereogenic centers (C*), enantiomers, diastereomers, CIP rules, chirality and optical rotation.
Know the nomenclature of hybrid orbitals.
Representing a molecule according to Lewis for more complex organic and inorganic entities.
Determine the geometry of molecules from Lewis representations and represent the structure of the molecular building in 3D space using VSEPR theory.
Represent a molecule according to the Cram representation, a Newman projection or a Fischer projection, respecting the bond angles and the writing conventions.
Experimental Chemistry
Being able to strictly follow a given instruction
To be able to write the equation for the reaction carried out
To be able to identify the reaction conditions and present them schematically (reaction progress table)
Being able to take into account the chemical risks as well as the physical properties of the products used
To be able to write up the procedure implemented and to transcribe all observations made
Being able to represent molecules: through graphical representation, through the construction of molecular models
To be able to determine a reaction order using the differential method or using half-reaction times.
Understanding and managing common chemical risks
Employ various techniques: weighing to the hundredth of a gram, preparation of solutions of precise concentration, volumetric titration, synthesis with guard flasks, extraction by hydrodistillation and decantation, visible spectroscopy, pH measurement, polarimetry
Identify the sources and types of measurement error, and assess the quality of the measurements.
Implement good documentation and communication practices
Working collaboratively, sharing information (in pairs, small and large groups)
Use a buffer solution appropriately.
To carry out an experimental procedure involving an ion exchange resin.
Measure and calculate the pH of an aqueous solution of acid or base.
Implement an experimental approach to determine an acidity constant.
Represent the limiting forms and list the mesomeric forms.
Delocalize electrons.
Locate the stereochemical centers and give the absolute configurations.
Identify the dipole moment.
Understanding the concept of orbital overlap.
Interpreting an MO diagram of a diatomic molecule.
Qualitatively represent in 3D space the sigma and pi MOs, bonding/antibonding, of diatomic molecules.
To qualitatively determine the polarization of a bond.
To qualitatively understand the concept of localizing an OM by hybridization.
Understanding the reactivity of a simple molecule through the distribution of electron density on its structure (electronegativity, polarization of bonds by inductive effect, partial charges; delocalization of electrons by resonance).
To know the first law of thermodynamics and related concepts (energy, enthalpy, heat) and apply them to the study of chemical reactivity.
Calculate the change in enthalpy in a chemical reaction.
Know and apply Hess's law for calculating a reaction quantity.
Using thermodynamic tables, the initial state of a chemical system, and experimental conditions (P,T…), be able to predict the composition of the system at equilibrium
Predicting the spontaneity of reactions.
Predicting the extreme oxidation numbers of an element from its position in the periodic table.
Identify the oxidant and the reductant in a couple.
Describe the operation of a battery and the role of the electrodes.
Determine the capacity of a battery. Calculate the potential of an electrode and the electromotive force of a battery.
Use predominance or existence diagrams to predict incompatible species or the nature of majority species.
To predict qualitatively whether an oxidation-reduction reaction is thermodynamically favoured or disfavoured.
To carry out an experimental approach involving redox reactions.
To know phenomenologically the influence of concentrations on electrode potentials: the Nernst equation.
Recognizing an acid and a base in Brønsted's theory.
Interpret the pH of an aqueous solution as well as the strength of an acid or a base.
Relating the strength of an acid to its molecular structure.
Identify polyprotic acids and bases.
Explain the dissociation of weak acids and bases.
Understanding pH indicators.
Use predominance or existence diagrams to predict incompatible species or the nature of majority species.
Understanding the autoprotolysis of water and the behavior of salts in water.
Understand acid-base titration and read a balance diagram.
To understand the general behavior of ions in solution.
Understand the concept of solubility, calculate a solubility product.
Analyze solubility evolution curves as a function of a variable and predict precipitation and dissolution
of precipitates.
Understanding the Solvay process.
Know the Lewis acids and bases and calculate the formation or dissociation constants of the complexes.
Understanding the influence of acidity and complexation on solubility.
Describe and interpret an acid-base, redox or solubility equilibrium in aqueous solution.
Determine the pH or potential of a solution, the solubility of an electrolyte.
Describe the evolution of the quantities of matter during a titration.
Physics
Manipulating mathematical tools related to locating a point in space and the dynamic evolution of the kinematic quantities of a system (position, velocity, acceleration)
Describe and model simple trajectories (straight line, circular, parabolic, elliptical)
To mobilize the fundamental concepts of classical mechanics (laws of dynamics, conservation of energy) to establish the equations of motion for a simple movement
To translate, from a physical perspective, and to formulate mathematically the key stages of a movement, a trajectory
To approach and solve a problem through different degrees of successive approximations (movement without and then with dissipation of mechanical energy, for example)
Perform a dimensional analysis and provide a critical commentary on the result.
To propose analogies and highlight the similarities in how the problems addressed are handled.
To be able to develop an experimental approach (measurement and uncertainty, critique of measurement, implementation, explaining a protocol, presenting results).
Information Technology for Chemistry
Working in a computer lab with a Linux environment
Use the University's online tools.
Designing an algorithm
Programming software in a procedural language
Developing procedural thinking
Data Processing and Analysis (Models and Addition).
Draw a chemical structure using 3D software
Explore the stereochemistry and properties of molecules.
Earth structure
Using a scientific result in reasoning and to support a conclusion
Describe the shape and structure of the earth
Explain the Earth's thermal functioning
Describe the impact of the dynamics of external fluid envelopes (atmosphere and ocean) on current climate zonation
Describe the water and carbon cycles
To use my knowledge of earth sciences to analyze the interactions between the biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere
Concepts of Biology
Understand the basic concepts in biology. Know how to define them and understand their characteristics.
To create links between concepts.
Identify the knowledge construction process in life sciences.
To acquire a university-level work method.
University working method
Understand the value of reliable documentary research that complements your lecture notes. Find, evaluate, and use it effectively. Follow best research practices. Vary your sources and use them in a complementary way.
Be mindful of constantly exercising your critical thinking skills, both on your own work and on your sources of information.
Identify university requirements regarding the nature and level of personal work expected, both in person and remotely.
Implement certain disciplinary expectations (content and format of a laboratory notebook, a scientific report, various computer tools, measurements and expression of their results with reliability assessment, etc.)
Discovery in a socio-economic environment
Discover the codes and rules in force within the company
Discover and understand the safety rules in force in the workplace.
Start building your skills portfolio.
Identify some "core jobs" that make the company unique and present them convincingly in a team of 4 students.
Investigations into the activities of Alsachimie, Chalampé (June 2024)
